{"id":46502,"date":"2023-12-19T16:18:55","date_gmt":"2023-12-19T10:48:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/?post_type=general-knowledge&#038;p=46502"},"modified":"2025-10-16T16:16:14","modified_gmt":"2025-10-16T10:46:14","slug":"scheduled-tribes","status":"publish","type":"general-knowledge","link":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/general-knowledge\/scheduled-tribes\/","title":{"rendered":"Unveiling India&#8217;s Scheduled Tribes: Heritage, Challenges, and Perspectives"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Scheduled Tribes (ST) represent one of the most distinctive and culturally rich sections of India, embodying the country\u2019s incredible diversity and resilience. According to the 2011 Census, Scheduled Tribes account for 8.6% of the national population\u2014a community of 10.43 crore people spread across 30 states and Union Territories (UTs). The concept of Scheduled Tribes is embedded in the Indian Constitution, ensuring protection, upliftment, and social justice for these historically marginalized groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-are-scheduled-tribes\"><strong>What are Scheduled Tribes?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"speakable-content\">Scheduled Tribes (ST) are indigenous communities identified by the Indian Constitution as needing special social, economic, and educational protection. As per Article 366(25) of the Constitution of India, a &#8220;Scheduled Tribe&#8221; means such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes with respect to any state or UT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Article 342&nbsp;empowers the President, after consultation with the relevant state governors, to specify the tribes or tribal communities considered as Scheduled Tribes by public notification. This dynamic list can be amended over time, reflecting changes in the social status and needs of these communities. Scheduled Tribes are thus \u201cscheduled\u201d\u2014they are included in the schedule attached to the Constitution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"criteria-for-identification-as-a-scheduled-tribe-k\">Criteria for Identification as a Scheduled Tribes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The process for identifying a Scheduled Tribe in India follows five key criteria, most notably shaped by the Lokur Committee (1965):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Indications of primitive traits.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Distinctive culture.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Geographical isolation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shyness of contact with the community at large.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Social, educational, and economic backwardness.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>The President uses these criteria (with the help of the Registrar General and state governments) when updating or revising the official list of STs for each state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"key-facts-about-scheduled-tribes-in-india-census-2\">Key Facts About Scheduled Tribes in India (Census 2011) <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Population:<\/strong>&nbsp;Scheduled Tribes form approximately 10.43 crore of India\u2019s population.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Number of ST groups:<\/strong>&nbsp;705 ethnic groups are officially notified as STs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Presence:<\/strong>&nbsp;STs are identified in 30 states\/UTs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sex Ratio:<\/strong>&nbsp;990 (Rural: 991, Urban: 980).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Largest state by tribal population:<\/strong>&nbsp;Madhya Pradesh (MP) with 14.7% of India\u2019s total tribal population, followed by Maharashtra (10.1%).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>States\/UTs without STs:<\/strong>&nbsp;Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, NCT of Delhi, and Puducherry have no listed Scheduled Tribes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups-pvtgs-keywor\">Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>PVTGs\u2014or <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Particularly_vulnerable_tribal_group\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups<\/a><\/strong>\u2014are the most marginalized subset among Scheduled Tribes. Originally classified as Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) by the Dhebar Commission in 1973 and renamed in 2006, there are 75 PVTGs in India. These groups display pre-agricultural technological levels, stagnant or declining populations, extremely low literacy, and are largely dependent on subsistence economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Key facts about PVTGs:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Number: 75 out of 705 Scheduled Tribes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Distribution: Found across 18 states and one UT.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Highest number: Odisha, which is home to the largest number of PVTG communities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Characteristics: Geographical isolation, stagnant\/declining population, minimal contact with mainstream society, and exceptionally vulnerable to socio-economic shocks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Government Initiatives for PVTGs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The government runs targeted schemes for PVTGs focusing on health, housing, education, and preservation of traditional livelihoods. Funds and special development projects aim to ensure that these groups benefit directly and preserve their unique cultural and environmental relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"legal-framework-and-protection-keywords-scheduled\">Key Articles and Schedules in the Indian Constitution<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Article 366(25):<\/strong>&nbsp;Definition of ST.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Article 342:<\/strong>&nbsp;Notification of STs by the President.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Article 244:<\/strong>&nbsp;Special provisions for administration of Scheduled and Tribal Areas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fifth Schedule:<\/strong>&nbsp;Applies to all scheduled areas except for four northeastern states; focuses on the administration and control of tribal areas in these states.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sixth Schedule:<\/strong>&nbsp;Deals exclusively with tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram\u2014provides for autonomous district councils with legislative, judicial, and financial powers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comparison of Fifth and Sixth Schedules<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Aspect<\/th><th>Fifth Schedule<\/th><th>Sixth Schedule<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Scope<\/td><td>Scheduled areas elsewhere in India<\/td><td>Tribal areas (Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Governance<\/td><td>Governor\u2019s direct powers with Tribal Advisory Councils<\/td><td>Autonomous District and Regional Councils with significant authority<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"process-of-inclusion-and-exclusion-article-342-key\">Process of Inclusion and Exclusion (Article342)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The process for adding or removing a community from the Scheduled Tribes list is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The state government recommends changes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) reviews and forwards advice.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>President issues a notification after consultation with the governor concerned.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parliament can amend the notification for inclusions and exclusions.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"demographic-distribution-and-diversity-keywords-sc\">State-wise List of Scheduled Tribes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>STs are geographically dispersed across India, but most are concentrated in forested, hilly, and rural parts of Central, Eastern, and Northeastern India. The highest concentrations are in states like Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, and in the northeastern states. Less dense but culturally significant populations exist in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and even in the Andaman and Nicobar Island.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>State\/UT<\/th><th>Number of Notified STs<\/th><th>Notable Tribes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Andhra Pradesh<\/td><td>34<\/td><td>Andh, Bhil, Gond, Kolam, Thoti, Chenchu, Konda, Savara, Yerukula<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Arunachal Pradesh<\/td><td>16<\/td><td>Adi, Apatani, Monpa, Tangsa, Nishi, Mishmi, Galo, Wancho, Sherdukpen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Assam<\/td><td>14<\/td><td>Bodo, Mishing, Karbi, Rabha, Dimasa, Deori, Sonowal Kachari, Lalung<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bihar<\/td><td>33<\/td><td>Santhal, Oraon, Munda, Birhor, Asur, Chero, Birjia, Parhaiya<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Chhattisgarh<\/td><td>42<\/td><td>Halba, Bhaina, Gond, Kanwar, Korwa, Baiga, Bison Horn Maria, Sahariya<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Goa<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>Gouli, Naikda, Kunbi, Velip, Dhangar, Siddi, Varli, Dhodia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gujarat<\/td><td>32<\/td><td>Bhil, Dhodia, Rathawa, Naikda, Warli, Chaudhari, Gamit, Vasava<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Himachal Pradesh<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>Gaddi, Gujjar, Lahaula, Pangwala, Khasa, Swangla<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jammu &amp; Kashmir<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>Gujjar, Bakarwal, Brokpa, Changpa, Gaddi, Balti, Purigpa, Mon<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jharkhand<\/td><td>32<\/td><td>Santhal, Munda, Ho, Oraon, Kharia, Birhor, Asur, Bhumij, Chero<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Karnataka<\/td><td>50<\/td><td>Gond, Koraga, Iruliga, Adiyan, Kadu Kuruba, Bettakuruba, Halakki<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kerala<\/td><td>43<\/td><td>Kuruba, Malai Arayan, Arunadan, Uralis, Mannan, Kurumbas, Paniyan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Madhya Pradesh<\/td><td>46<\/td><td>Bhil, Baiga, Gond, Korku, Sahariya, Kol, Bison Horn Maria<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maharashtra<\/td><td>47<\/td><td>Warli, Gond, Katkari, Bhil, Rathawa, Thakur, Halba, Koli, Mahadeo Koli<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Manipur<\/td><td>34<\/td><td>Thadou, Paite, Rongmei, Aimol, Kom, Maram, Kuki, Hmar, Chiru<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Meghalaya<\/td><td>17<\/td><td>Khasi, Garo, Jaintia, Hajong, Bhoi, Rabha, Koch<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mizoram<\/td><td>15<\/td><td>Mizo, Chakma, Mara, Lai, Hmar, Ralte, Paite, Lushei<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nagaland<\/td><td>5<\/td><td>Ao, Angami, Sema, Lotha, Konyak<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Odisha<\/td><td>62<\/td><td>Kharia, Munda, Santhal, Bhunjia, Kandha, Saora, Bonda, Juang, Soura<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Punjab<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rajasthan<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>Bhil, Damaria, Garasia, Mina, Kathodi, Kolcha, Patelia, Sahariya<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sikkim<\/td><td>4<\/td><td>Bhutia, Lepcha, Limboo, Tamang<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>36<\/td><td>Irular, Kadar, Kanikkar, Toda, Kota, Kurumba, Malaikuravar, Paniyan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Telangana<\/td><td>32<\/td><td>Chenchu, Gond, Kolam, Thoti, Yerukula, Naikpod, Pardhan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tripura<\/td><td>19<\/td><td>Tripuri, Reang, Jamatia, Halam, Chakma, Aimol, Kuki, Mog, Mizo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Uttarakhand<\/td><td>5<\/td><td>Bhotia, Buksa, Jaunsari, Kol, Raji, Tharu<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Uttar Pradesh<\/td><td>16<\/td><td>Bhotia, Buksa, Jaunsari, Kol, Raji, Tharu<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>West Bengal<\/td><td>40<\/td><td>Santhal, Munda, Oraon, Bhumij, Kora, Lodha, Lepcha, Bhutia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Andaman &amp; Nicobar<\/td><td>6<\/td><td>Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarawa, Nicobarese, Shompen, Sentinelese<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dadra &amp; Nagar Haveli and Daman &amp; Diu<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>Dhodia, Varli, Kokna, Kathodi, Naikda, Dubla, Bhil, Patelia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Delhi (NCT), Chandigarh, Haryana, Puducherry<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-largest-scheduled-tribe-in-india-the-bhil-keyw\">The Largest Scheduled Tribe in India: The Bhil <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Bhil tribe is the largest Scheduled Tribe in India, comprising about 4.6 million people, which is nearly 38% of the country\u2019s total tribal population. They are spread across Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana. Known historically for their archery skills &#8216;Bhil&#8217; itself derives from the Dravidian word for bow they are also celebrated for Bhil Art, a folk painting style that uses natural dyes and dot motifs to depict daily life, deities, and festivals such as Ghoomar and the Gair sword dance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-role-of-the-national-commission-for-scheduled\">The Role of the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The NCST is a constitutional body dedicated to the protection and development of Scheduled Tribes. Its functions include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Monitoring the implementation of constitutional safeguards and government policies for STs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advising on inclusion\/exclusion of tribes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Investigating complaints regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Recommending measures for effective implementation of development and welfare programs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The&nbsp;Chairman of the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes&nbsp;holds significant responsibility for steering these efforts, supported by government staff and subject matter experts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"important-legislations-and-government-schemes-keyw\">Important Legislations and Government Schemes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Atrocity Act, 1989<\/strong>: This act is a cornerstone for protecting the dignity, rights, and security of SCs and STs, providing legal recourse and strict penalties against discrimination, atrocities, and exploitation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006:<\/strong> The FRA recognizes the rights of traditional forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers to forest land and resources, aiming at correcting historical injustices.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA)<\/strong>: The PESA Act extends democratization and self-governance to Scheduled Areas by enabling Gram Sabhas to play decisive roles in managing community resources and local affairs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"scheduled-castes-and-scheduled-tribes-prevention-o\">Atrocity Act, 1989<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, commonly known as the\u00a0Atrocities Act, was enacted in 1989 to safeguard these historically marginalized communities from discrimination, violence, and social injustice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Purpose and Importance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Act addresses the grave issue of atrocities that Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) have faced for centuries, including physical violence, social ostracism, economic exploitation, and denial of fundamental rights. This law is a critical tool for ensuring their safety, dignity, and equal access to social and legal justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Provisions of the Act<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Definition of Atrocities:<\/strong>\u00a0The Act lists specific offenses classified as atrocities, such as:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Forced or bonded labor<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Preventing members from voting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Desecration of religious sites or symbols<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sexual exploitation or harassment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Attacking cultural practices and identity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Denial of access to public places or services<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Special Courts:<\/strong>\u00a0Establishment of exclusive courts for speedy trial and disposal of cases registered under the Act.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Protection of Victims and Witnesses:<\/strong>\u00a0Measures to protect victims, witnesses, and their families from intimidation and retaliation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stringent Punishments:<\/strong>\u00a0Strict penalties including imprisonment, fines, and enhanced punishment for repeat offenders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Government Accountability:<\/strong>\u00a0Mandates state governments to appoint special officers and monitor implementation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Amendments and Strengthening of the Act<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In recent years, the Atrocities Act has undergone amendments to close loopholes and strengthen safeguards. Notably,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015<\/strong>\u00a0introduced provisions for conducting exclusive investigations by designated agencies to prevent undue influence and delay.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The amendment mandated the registration of FIR without preliminary inquiry and strictly limited anticipatory bail availability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Impact and Challenges<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>While the Act has been pivotal in providing legal recourse and deterring crimes against SC\/ST individuals, challenges remain:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Under-reporting of atrocities due to social stigma and fear.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Delays in investigation and trial even in special courts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Need for greater community awareness about legal rights.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensuring consistent implementation across states.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Government and Civil Society Efforts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Apart from legal provisions, various government schemes aim to support atrocity victims, including financial assistance, rehabilitation, and skill development. NGOs and human rights organizations also play a key role in advocacy, monitoring, and victim support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"challenges-faced-by-scheduled-tribes-keywords-chal\">Challenges Faced by Scheduled Tribes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Poverty and Social Exclusion:<\/strong>&nbsp;Many tribes live below the poverty line and in areas with poor access to education, health care, and infrastructure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Land Alienation and Displacement:<\/strong>&nbsp;Rapid industrialization, mining, and infrastructure projects lead to large-scale displacement and loss of traditional homelands.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lack of Political Participation:<\/strong>&nbsp;Though reservation exists, true grassroots participation often lags due to low literacy and administrative apathy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cultural Erosion:<\/strong>&nbsp;Traditional languages, arts, and customs are under threat from mainstream assimilation and neglect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"preservation-of-culture-and-the-way-forward-keywor\">Preservation of Culture and The Way Forward<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tribal culture is an invaluable component of India\u2019s pluralism. Successful tribal development means not just economic upliftment but also respect and protection of tribal customs, Dikus\u2019 traditional knowledge, language, and ecological wisdom. The way forward lies in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Inclusive growth<\/strong>&nbsp;focusing on both development and cultural preservation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Community participation<\/strong>&nbsp;in policy and governance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sustained support for education, healthcare, and entrepreneurship<\/strong>&nbsp;within the context of tribal needs and autonomy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-scheduled-caste-and-scheduled-tribes-in-india-nbsp\"><strong>Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes in India&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"background-purple\">Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in India represent historically marginalized communities, each facing distinct yet interconnected struggles for social justice. SCs, also known as Dalits, are communities traditionally subjected to untouchability, while STs are indigenous groups facing historical disadvantage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Both groups endure social discrimination, economic disparities, and limited resource access. The <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/general-knowledge\/fundamental-rights-of-indian-constitution\/\">Constitution of India<\/a><\/strong> recognizes their plight, providing affirmative action through reservations in education, employment, and political representation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-dual-struggles\"><strong>Dual Struggles:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list vertical-line\">\n<li><strong>Overlapping Concerns<\/strong>: Shared issues like land rights and education.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Affirmative Policies<\/strong>: Reservations to address historical injustice.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Social Upliftment<\/strong>: Tackling poverty and lack of infrastructure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Collective Fight<\/strong>: Joining forces for inclusivity and equality.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Awareness<\/strong>: Combatting deep-rooted prejudices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-challenges\"><strong>Challenges:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list vertical-line\">\n<li><strong>Poverty<\/strong>: Affecting both SCs and STs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Unequal Opportunities<\/strong>: Persistent barriers in education and employment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Infrastructure Gaps<\/strong>: Limited access to essential services.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cultural Richness<\/strong>: Balancing development with preserving heritage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Comprehensive Justice<\/strong>: Recognizing interconnected struggles for lasting changes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">UPSC Guide on Scheduled Tribes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Indian Polity, Governance, and History sections of UPSC Prelims and Mains frequently include direct and conceptual questions on Scheduled Tribes. For maximum exam relevance, here are some examples and tips:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">UPSC-Type Questions on Scheduled Tribes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Which article of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to specify the Scheduled Tribes in states and union territories?<br>A. Article342<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Explain the difference between the Fifth and Sixth Schedules of the Constitution with reference to tribal administration in India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the main criteria used for classifying a community as a Scheduled Tribe in India?<br>(Hint: Primitive traits, geographical isolation, distinctive culture, shyness of contact, and backwardness)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enumerate the constitutional safeguards available for Scheduled Tribes in India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the role and significance of the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Describe the main objectives and provisions of the Forest Rights Act, 2006 for Scheduled Tribes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Discuss the challenges faced by Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) and government strategies for their upliftment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How has the implementation of the SC\/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 impacted tribal rights and security?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>State-wise, which Indian state has the largest Scheduled Tribe population as per the latest census?<br>(Hint: Madhya Pradesh)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Briefly explain the process for including or excluding a community in the Scheduled Tribes list.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">UPSC Answer Writing Tips<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Always define Scheduled Tribes constitutionally (Articles 366(25), 342) in your introduction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use current facts and data (number of STs, main states, PVTGs).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Refer to recent government initiatives or Supreme Court\/Judicial pronouncements if relevant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Conclude with recommendations for social empowerment, protection, and inclusive growth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading conclusion-heading\" id=\"h-conclusion\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Empowering the tribal communities of 21st-century India is vital to building an inclusive and progressive society. The future of tribes in India depends on sustained efforts to reduce economic inequality, enhance access to education, and preserve their rich cultural heritage. With over 700 recognized tribes, inclusive policies, tribal representation, and participatory governance are essential for ensuring development that truly reaches the grassroots. By recognizing the unique identity and contributions of these communities, India can create a future where every tribal individual thrives and actively shapes the nation&#8217;s diverse cultural fabric<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"read-more\"><strong>Read More:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/general-knowledge\/draupadi-murmu-tribe\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/general-knowledge\/draupadi-murmu-tribe\/\"><strong>Draupadi Murmu Tribe: Trailblazing India&#8217;s Presidential Path<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/general-knowledge\/104-amendment-of-indian-constitution\/\"><strong>The 104 Amendment of the Indian Constitution<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/general-knowledge\/list-of-president-of-india\/#:~:text=Rajendra%20Prasad%3A%20India&#039;s%20First%20President,in%20the%20Indian%20National%20Congress.\">The Complete List of President of India: A Journey Through Time<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/general-knowledge\/national-human-rights-commission-of-india\/\">National Human Rights Commission of India<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading faq-heading\"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1750330929055\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><strong>What do you mean by Scheduled Tribes?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Scheduled Tribes (STs) are indigenous communities in India identified under Article 342 of the Constitution as historically disadvantaged in terms of social, economic, and educational status. They receive special protection and benefits from the government to promote their development and inclusion.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1750400519464\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><strong>Indian President Droupadi Murmu is from which tribe?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>President Droupadi Murmu belongs to the Santhal tribe, one of India\u2019s largest Scheduled Tribes, predominantly found in Odisha, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1750400531899\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><strong>Who is considered socially lower in India, SC or ST?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>In the traditional Indian caste hierarchy, Scheduled Castes (SCs) are generally viewed as lower than Scheduled Tribes (STs). While both communities have faced social and economic marginalization, SCs were historically subjected to untouchability, placing them at the lowest level of the caste system. Scheduled Tribes, on the other hand, have largely remained outside the caste structure, with distinct cultural identities.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1750404422667\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><strong>What does Article 342 say about Scheduled Tribes in India?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Article 342 of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to specify the tribes or tribal communities that shall be recognized as Scheduled Tribes in a particular State or Union Territory. This official list is created through a Presidential notification and can only be modified by Parliament, ensuring legal recognition and constitutional safeguards for these communities.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1756179352431\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><strong>What are the 21 scheduled tribes in India?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The term \u201c21 Scheduled Tribes\u201d usually refers to the major tribal groups officially recognized under the Constitution of India in certain states and union territories. These include communities such as Gonds, Bhils, Santhals, Todas, Angami Nagas, Bhutia, Khasi, Mizo, Bodo, Oraon, Munda, Khasi, Nicobarese, Jarwas, Lepcha, Garos, Chakmas, Koli Dhor, Sherdukpens, Hajongs, and Angarias.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1760609759368\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><strong>What is ST Full Form?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Scheduled Tribes, they are indigenous groups recognized by the Indian Constitution for their social, economic, and educational disadvantages. These communities receive special legal protection and government benefits, aiming for inclusive development while honoring their unique cultural identities and traditions. They are officially notified under Article 342 for each state and union territory.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1760611152812\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Which is lower, SC or ST?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Both Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) are historically disadvantaged groups in India recognized for affirmative action. \u201cLower\u201d isn\u2019t officially used\u2014SC refers to formerly untouchable castes, while ST refers to indigenous tribal groups. Each faces unique social challenges, with benefits provided specifically to uplift their communities.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1760611212922\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is SC, ST, and OBC in India?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>SC (Scheduled Caste), ST (Scheduled Tribe), and OBC (Other Backward Class) are three social categories defined in India\u2019s Constitution. SCs are historically oppressed castes, STs are indigenous tribal communities, and OBCs are other socially and educationally disadvantaged groups. All benefit from reservation policies in education, employment, and government schemes.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":110,"featured_media":301297,"template":"","meta":[],"general-knowledge-category":[24743],"class_list":["post-46502","general-knowledge","type-general-knowledge","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","general-knowledge-category-india-at-a-glance"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/general-knowledge\/46502","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/general-knowledge"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/general-knowledge"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/110"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/301297"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46502"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"general-knowledge-category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/general-knowledge-category?post=46502"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}