{"id":284336,"date":"2025-07-21T13:53:19","date_gmt":"2025-07-21T08:23:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/?post_type=general-knowledge&#038;p=284336"},"modified":"2025-07-21T13:53:21","modified_gmt":"2025-07-21T08:23:21","slug":"ramsar-sites-in-india","status":"publish","type":"general-knowledge","link":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/general-knowledge\/ramsar-sites-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Ramsar Sites in India: A Complete Guide to Wetland Conservation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Wetlands rank among the planet\u2019s most productive ecosystems, performing irreplaceable ecological functions, from water purification to flood regulation. Under the Ramsar Convention of 1971, wetlands of \u201cinternational importance\u201d are designated as Ramsar sites in India, signaling a nation\u2019s commitment to their protection. These Ramsar sites in India span diverse landscapes: Himalayan lakes, riverine floodplains, coastal mangroves, and man\u2011made reservoirs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As of 2025, India boasts 91 Ramsar sites in India, covering roughly 1.4\u202fmillion hectares, approximately 4.7\u202fpercent of the country\u2019s land area. This network safeguards critical habitats for migratory birds on major flyways, endemic fish species in freshwater lakes, and unique plant communities in salt marshes. Beyond biodiversity, Ramsar sites in India provide socioeconomic benefits: they recharge aquifers, buffer floods, sequester carbon, and sustain fisheries and agriculture for millions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For UPSC\/SSC aspirants and history enthusiasts, understanding Ramsar sites in India means appreciating India\u2019s ecological heritage and governance. The Ramsar Convention, the first global treaty on wetland conservation, sets nine rigorous criteria for designation, ensuring only the most vital and vulnerable wetlands receive this international stamp of importance. By exploring Ramsar sites in India, we uncover the intersections of science, policy, culture, and livelihoods that define India\u2019s approach to sustainable development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Definition of Ramsar Sites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ramsar sites in India are wetlands recognized under the Ramsar Convention (1971) as \u201cinternational importance.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Aim to promote the \u201cwise use\u201d (sustainable management) of wetlands in India via national legislation and international cooperation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/gk_284336_ramsar_sites_in_india-v2-1024x683.png\" alt=\"Ramsar sites in India\" class=\"wp-image-284341\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/gk_284336_ramsar_sites_in_india-v2-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/gk_284336_ramsar_sites_in_india-v2-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/gk_284336_ramsar_sites_in_india-v2-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/gk_284336_ramsar_sites_in_india-v2-150x100.png 150w, https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/gk_284336_ramsar_sites_in_india-v2.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Importance of the Ramsar Convention (1971)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Global Treaty<\/strong>: First intergovernmental treaty on conservation of natural resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Scope<\/strong>: Encourages parties to identify and designate Ramsar sites in India and worldwide, maintain their ecological character, and plan for their sustainable use.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Membership<\/strong>: 172 contracting parties; over 2,400 Ramsar sites covering 256\u202fmillion hectares globally.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Importance of Ramsar Sites for India\u2019s Ecology and Biodiversity<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Biodiversity Hotspots<\/strong>: Ramsar sites in India host over 30\u202fpercent of India\u2019s avifauna and numerous fish, amphibians, and plant species.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ecosystem Services<\/strong>: Wetlands in India, including the biggest Ramsar site in India (Sundarbans) and the smallest Ramsar sites in India (Renuka Wetland), provide flood regulation, water filtration, climate regulation, and groundwater recharge.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Livelihoods<\/strong>: Ramsar sites in India support over 6\u202fmillion people through fisheries, agriculture, and eco\u2011tourism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Are Ramsar Sites?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Definition: According to the Ramsar Convention<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A Ramsar site in India is any wetland formally recognized under the Ramsar Convention (1971) for its outstanding ecological or hydrological value. \u201cWetlands in India\u201d encompass marshes, swamps, peatlands, floodplains, mangroves, estuaries, lakes, rivers, and even man\u2011made reservoirs and rice paddies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Criteria for Wetlands to Be Designated<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To qualify, a wetland must meet at least one of nine scientific criteria, such as supporting rare or endangered species, sustaining significant waterbirds (\u22651% of a species\u2019 flyway population), or providing critical fish spawning grounds. These criteria ensure that Ramsar sites represent globally important ecological functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Unique Wetland Type<\/strong>: Representative or rare example of a wetland type within a biogeographic region.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Endangered Species<\/strong>: Supports vulnerable or critically endangered species or threatened ecological communities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Waterbird Populations<\/strong>: Supports \u22651% of a species\u2019 flyway population.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fish Spawning\/Nursery<\/strong>: An Essential food source for fish and spawning grounds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Biodiversity Value<\/strong>: Supports plant\/animal species during critical life stages or adverse conditions.<br><em>(Full criteria list: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ramsar.org\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.ramsar.org\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">ramsar.org<\/a> )<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Scale of Wetlands in India<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In India, the total wetland area exceeds 7.7\u202fmillion hectares, but only a fraction, currently 91 sites, hold Ramsar status. These sites are selected through a rigorous nomination process involving ecological surveys, hydrological assessments, socio\u2011economic studies, and a Ramsar Information Sheet (RIS) formulation. Once the Ramsar Secretariat approves, the site joins an international network dedicated to the \u201cwise use\u201d and conservation of wetlands.<br>By designating Ramsar sites in India, policymakers ensure these fragile ecosystems receive legal protection under the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, and are managed via site\u2011specific conservation plans that engage local communities and scientific experts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Metric<\/th><th>Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Total Wetlands (ha)<\/td><td>7,700,000\u202fha (approx.)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Percentage of Land Area<\/td><td>~4.7\u202f%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ramsar Sites in India (2025)<\/td><td>91 sites<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ramsar Area Coverage (ha)<\/td><td>1,400,000\u202fha (approx.)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">History of Ramsar Sites in India<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>India\u2019s Accession to the Ramsar Convention<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>India\u2019s journey with the Ramsar Convention began even before formal accession in 1982, when it designated its first two sites: Chilika Lake in Odisha and Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan. Chilika, Asia\u2019s largest brackish lagoon, supports over 160 migratory and resident bird species and sustains local fisheries. Keoladeo, a UNESCO World Heritage site, hosts more than 370 bird species annually on the Central Asian Flyway.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After accession, India steadily added wetlands: by 2000, a dozen sites, from Harike Wetland in Punjab to Loktak Lake in Manipur, were listed. The early 2000s saw growing recognition of mangrove ecosystems (e.g., Bhitarkanika, Sundarbans) and high\u2011altitude lakes (e.g., Tso Moriri). From 2011 onward, an aggressive push saw some 30 new sites, reflecting ecological priorities and geopolitical factors, such as conserving cross\u2011border riverine wetlands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the most recent phase (2022\u20132025), India added 22 sites in rapid succession, including the floodplain Sirpur Wetland (MP), urban Mahadevapura Wetland (Karnataka), and Bihar\u2019s Kanwar Lake, Asia\u2019s largest oxbow lake. This acceleration underscores India\u2019s enhanced policy focus, bolstered by the Wetlands Rules (2017) and the MoEFCC\u2019s National Wetland Conservation Programme, to align domestic wetland policy with international obligations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>First Ramsar Site of India (1981)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Site<\/th><th>State<\/th><th>Year Designated<\/th><th>Key Features<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Chilika Lake<\/td><td>Odisha<\/td><td>1981<\/td><td>Asia\u2019s largest brackish lagoon; migratory birds<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Keoladeo National Park<\/td><td>Rajasthan<\/td><td>1981<\/td><td>UNESCO World Heritage; over 370 bird species<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Timeline of Additions Up to 2025<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Period<\/th><th># Sites Added<\/th><th>Notable Sites<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1981\u20132000<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>Harike, Loktak, Wular<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2001\u20132010<\/td><td>18<\/td><td>Bhitarkanika, Ashtamudi, Sambhar<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2011\u20132021<\/td><td>30<\/td><td>Sundarbans, Vembanad\u2011Kol, Keoladeo expansions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2022\u20132025<\/td><td>22<\/td><td>Sirpur, Mahadevapura, Kanwar, Nanda Lake, Pala<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ramsar Site Designation Process<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Designating a Ramsar site in India is a multistep procedure rooted in science and policy collaboration. It begins at the state level, where State Wetland Authorities identify candidate wetlands based on ecological surveys and stakeholder consultations. These authorities compile baseline data on hydrology, species inventories, land use patterns, and socio\u2011economic interdependencies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The central nodal agency, the Ministry of Environment, Forest &amp; Climate Change (MoEFCC), oversees these nominations. Experts evaluate the site against the Ramsar Convention\u2019s nine criteria, ensuring it meets at least one internationally defined threshold. A Ramsar Information Sheet (RIS) is drafted, detailing ecological character, threats, management measures, and local community roles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Upon MoEFCC approval, the RIS is submitted to the Ramsar Secretariat in Switzerland, which conducts its technical review. If any data gaps emerge, the Secretariat requests clarification. Once satisfied, it formally adds the wetland to the Ramsar List, conferring international recognition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Post\u2011designation, the site receives legal protection under the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017. MoEFCC, state authorities, NGOs, and local communities develop site-specific management plans collaboratively, detailing restoration actions, zoning, and monitoring frameworks. This process ensures that ecological integrity and human well\u2011being are balanced in wetland governance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Nomination Authorities<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>MoEFCC<\/strong> (Ministry of Environment, Forest &amp; Climate Change): Central nodal body.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>State Wetland Authorities<\/strong>: Local surveys and stakeholder consultations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Scientific Evaluation<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Site Selection<\/strong> based on Ramsar criteria and national priorities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Field Surveys<\/strong> of hydrology, ecology, and socio\u2011economics.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ramsar Information Sheet (RIS)<\/strong> drafted with detailed data.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ramsar Secretariat Approval<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Submission of RIS to Ramsar Secretariat in Gland, Switzerland.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Technical review, clarifications if needed, and formal listing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Legal Protection &amp; Management<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Wetlands Rules, 2017<\/strong>: Mandatory notification and protection of designated sites.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Site Management Plans<\/strong>: Collaborative frameworks involving MoEFCC, state agencies, NGOs, and local communities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ramsar Sites in India: Updated List (2024\u20132025)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Total Number &amp; Area<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>91 Ramsar Sites covering 1.4\u202fmillion hectares (approx.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>State\u2011Wise Distribution<\/strong><br><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>S.No.<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Ramsar Site<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>State<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Year<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Area (km2)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1<\/td><td>Kolleru Lake<\/td><td>Andhra Pradesh<\/td><td>2002<\/td><td>901<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td>Deepor Beel<\/td><td>Assam<\/td><td>2002<\/td><td>40<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>Kanwar (Kabar) Taal<\/td><td>Bihar<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>26.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td>Nanda Lake<\/td><td>Goa<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>0.42<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><td>Khijadia WLS<\/td><td>Gujarat<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td>Nalsarovar BS<\/td><td>Gujarat<\/td><td>2012<\/td><td>123<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>7<\/td><td>Thol Lake<\/td><td>Gujarat<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>6.99<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td>Wadhvana Wetland<\/td><td>Gujarat<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>10.38<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>9<\/td><td>Bhindawas WLS<\/td><td>Haryana<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>4.11<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>10<\/td><td>Sultanpur NP<\/td><td>Haryana<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>142.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>11<\/td><td>Chandra Taal<\/td><td>Himachal Pradesh<\/td><td>2005<\/td><td>0.49<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>12<\/td><td>Pong Dam Lake<\/td><td>Himachal Pradesh<\/td><td>2002<\/td><td>156.62<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>13<\/td><td>Renuka Lake<\/td><td>Himachal Pradesh<\/td><td>2005<\/td><td>0.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>14<\/td><td>Ranganathituu BS<\/td><td>Karnataka<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>5.18<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>15<\/td><td>Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve<\/td><td>Karnataka<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>0.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>16<\/td><td>Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve<\/td><td>Karnataka<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>0.98<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>17<\/td><td>Aghanashini Estuary<\/td><td>Karnataka<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>4.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>18<\/td><td>Ashtamudi Wetland<\/td><td>Kerala<\/td><td>2002<\/td><td>614<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>19<\/td><td>Sasthamkotta Lake<\/td><td>Kerala<\/td><td>2002<\/td><td>3.73<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>20<\/td><td>Vembanad-Kol Wetland (Longest Lake in India)<\/td><td>Kerala<\/td><td>1905<\/td><td>1512.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>21<\/td><td>Bhoj Wetland<\/td><td>Madhya Pradesh<\/td><td>2002<\/td><td>32<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>22<\/td><td>Sakhya Sagar<\/td><td>Madhya Pradesh<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>2.48<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>23<\/td><td>Sirpur wetland<\/td><td>Madhya Pradesh<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>1.61<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>24<\/td><td>Yashwant Sagar<\/td><td>Madhya Pradesh<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>8.22<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>25<\/td><td>Lonar Lake (Impact Crater Lake)<\/td><td>Maharashtra<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>4.27<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>26<\/td><td>Nandur Madhameshwar<\/td><td>Maharashtra<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>14<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>27<\/td><td>Thane Creek<\/td><td>Maharashtra<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>65.21<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>28<\/td><td>Loktak Lake<\/td><td>Manipur<\/td><td>1990<\/td><td>266<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>29<\/td><td>Pala Wetland<\/td><td>Mizoram<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>18.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>30<\/td><td>Ansupa Lake<\/td><td>Odisha<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>2.31<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>31<\/td><td>Bhitarkanika Mangroves<\/td><td>Odisha<\/td><td>2002<\/td><td>650<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>32<\/td><td>Chilika Lake (Oldest Ramsar Site in India)<\/td><td>Odisha<\/td><td>1981<\/td><td>1165<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>33<\/td><td>Hirakud Reservoir<\/td><td>Odisha<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>654<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>34<\/td><td>Satkosia Gorge<\/td><td>Odisha<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>981.97<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>35<\/td><td>Tampara Lake<\/td><td>Odisha<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>36<\/td><td>Beas CnR<\/td><td>Punjab<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>64<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>37<\/td><td>Harike Wetland<\/td><td>Punjab<\/td><td>1990<\/td><td>41<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>38<\/td><td>Kanjli Wetland<\/td><td>Punjab<\/td><td>2002<\/td><td>1.83<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>39<\/td><td>Keshopur-Miani CmR<\/td><td>Punjab<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>34<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>40<\/td><td>Nangal WLS<\/td><td>Punjab<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>41<\/td><td>Ropar Wetland<\/td><td>Punjab<\/td><td>2002<\/td><td>13.65<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>42<\/td><td>Keoladeo National Park<\/td><td>Rajasthan<\/td><td>1981<\/td><td>28.73<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>43<\/td><td>Sambhar Lake<\/td><td>Rajasthan<\/td><td>1990<\/td><td>240<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>44<\/td><td>Chitrangudi BS<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>2.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>45<\/td><td>Gulf of Mannar Marine BR<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>526.72<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>46<\/td><td>Kanjirankulam BS<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>0.96<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>47<\/td><td>Karikili BS<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>0.584<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>48<\/td><td>Koonthankulam BS<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>0.72<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>49<\/td><td>Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>12.475<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>50<\/td><td>Pichavaram Mangrove<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>14.786<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>51<\/td><td>Point Calimere WLS &amp; BS<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2002<\/td><td>385<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>52<\/td><td>Suchindram Theroor Wetland Complex<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>0.94<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>53<\/td><td>Udhayamarthandapuram BS<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>0.44<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>54<\/td><td>Vaduvur BS<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>1.12<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>55<\/td><td>Vedanthangal BS<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>0.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>56<\/td><td>Vellode BS<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>0.77<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>57<\/td><td>Vembannur Wetland Complex<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>0.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>58<\/td><td>Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>4.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>59<\/td><td>Longwood Shola Reserve Forest<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>1.16<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>60<\/td><td>Rudrasagar Lake<\/td><td>Tripura<\/td><td>2005<\/td><td>2.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>61<\/td><td>Hokera Wetland<\/td><td>UT of JK<\/td><td>2005<\/td><td>13.75<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>62<\/td><td>Hygam Wetland CnR<\/td><td>UT of JK<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>8.02<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>63<\/td><td>Shallbugh Wetland CnR<\/td><td>UT of JK<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>16.75<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>64<\/td><td>Surinsar-Mansar Lakes<\/td><td>UT of JK<\/td><td>2005<\/td><td>3.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>65<\/td><td>Wular Lake<\/td><td>UT of JK<\/td><td>1990<\/td><td>189<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>66<\/td><td>Tso Kar (High Altitude Ramsar Site)<\/td><td>UT of Ladakh<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>95.77<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>67<\/td><td>Tsomoriri (High Altitude Ramsar Site)<\/td><td>UT of Ladakh<\/td><td>2002<\/td><td>120<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>68<\/td><td>Bakhira WLS<\/td><td>Uttar Pradesh<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>28.94<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>69<\/td><td>Haiderpur Wetland<\/td><td>Uttar Pradesh<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>69<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>70<\/td><td>Nawabganj BS<\/td><td>Uttar Pradesh<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>71<\/td><td>Parvati Arga BS<\/td><td>Uttar Pradesh<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>72<\/td><td>Saman BS<\/td><td>Uttar Pradesh<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>73<\/td><td>Samaspur BS<\/td><td>Uttar Pradesh<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>74<\/td><td>Sandi BS<\/td><td>Uttar Pradesh<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>75<\/td><td>Sarsai Nawar Jheel<\/td><td>Uttar Pradesh<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>76<\/td><td>Sur Sarovar (Keetham Lake)<\/td><td>Uttar Pradesh<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>4.31<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>77<\/td><td>Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora)<\/td><td>Uttar Pradesh<\/td><td>2005<\/td><td>265.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>78<\/td><td>Asan Barrage<\/td><td>Uttarakhand<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>4.44<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>79<\/td><td>East Kolkata Wetlands<\/td><td>West Bengal<\/td><td>2002<\/td><td>125<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>80<\/td><td>Sundarban Wetland (Largest Ramsar Site in India)<\/td><td>West Bengal<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>4230<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>81<\/td><td>Nagi Bird Sanctuary<\/td><td>Bihar<\/td><td>2009<\/td><td>791<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>82<\/td><td>Nakti Bird Sanctuary<\/td><td>Bihar<\/td><td>1984<\/td><td>3.33<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>83<\/td><td>Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>51.516<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>84<\/td><td>Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>1.25865<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>85<\/td><td>Tawa Reservoir<\/td><td>Madhya Pradesh<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>200.50<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>86<\/td><td>Therthangal Bird Sanctuary<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>29.29<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>87<\/td><td>Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary<\/td><td>Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>88<\/td><td>Khecheopalri Wetland<\/td><td>Sikkim<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>89<\/td><td>Udhwa Lake<\/td><td>Jharkhand<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>90<\/td><td>Khichan<\/td><td>Rajasthan<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>91<\/td><td>Menar<\/td><td>Rajasthan<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Smallest &amp; Biggest Sites<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Smallest<\/strong>: Renuka Wetland, Himachal Pradesh (0.20\u202fkm\u00b2)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Biggest<\/strong>: Sundarbans Wetland, West Bengal (4,230\u202fkm\u00b2)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>New Ramsar Sites (2022\u20132025)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sirpur Wetland<\/strong>, Madhya Pradesh (2024)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mahadevapura Wetland<\/strong>, Karnataka (2023)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kanwar Lake<\/strong>, Bihar (2022)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary<\/strong>, Tamil Nadu (2023)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary<\/strong>, UP (2025)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ecological Importance of Ramsar Sites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ramsar sites are not merely designated tracts of land but living laboratories where complex ecological processes sustain local and global life. Wetlands provide a suite of ecosystem services. Humans derive benefits from nature, including water purification, flood mitigation, and climate regulation. By acting as natural filters, wetlands trap sediments, absorb excess nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), and break down harmful pollutants, ensuring cleaner water for downstream communities and wildlife.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moreover, wetlands serve as biodiversity hotspots. India\u2019s Ramsar sites host over 30\u202fpercent of the country\u2019s avian diversity, with sites like Keoladeo National Park and Chilika Lake recognized globally for their bird populations. These areas also support critical life stages for fish and amphibians, offering spawning and nursery habitats. In arid and semi\u2011arid regions, such as the Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan, wetlands provide oases of moisture, underpinning the survival of both flora and fauna under extreme conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From a climate perspective, wetlands are among the most efficient carbon sinks on Earth. Peatlands, mangroves, and marshes store organic carbon in waterlogged soils where decomposition is slow, sequestering greenhouse gases that would otherwise contribute to global warming. Inhabited and agricultural landscapes, wetlands maintain water tables and reduce the severity of droughts and flash floods, thereby bolstering climate resilience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ramsar sites are living laboratories offering vital ecosystem services:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Biodiversity Conservation<\/strong>: Host over 30\u202fpercent of India\u2019s avifauna. Home to endangered species like the Indian Skimmer and Sarus Crane.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Water Purification<\/strong>: Wetlands filter sediments and pollutants\u2014for example, Chilika Lake removes an estimated 15,000\u202ftonnes of sediment annually.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Flood Mitigation &amp; Groundwater Recharge<\/strong>: Bhoj Wetland complex recharges over 5\u202fmillion\u202fm\u00b3 of groundwater per year, reducing drought impact.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Carbon Sequestration<\/strong>: Mangroves like Sundarbans capture approximately 6.4\u202fmillion\u202ftonnes of CO\u2082 annually.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These ecological functions underscore why <strong>Ramsar sites in India<\/strong> are indispensable to both nature and society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">State\u2011Wise Overviews<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>India\u2019s Ramsar sites reflect its remarkable geographical diversity, from high\u2011altitude lakes in the Himalayas to mangrove forests along the Bay of Bengal. Each state\u2019s wetlands display unique ecological and cultural features that demand tailored conservation approaches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ramsar Sites in Odisha<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Odisha leads in coastal and estuarine wetlands:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chilika Lake (1,165\u202fkm\u00b2)<\/strong>: Seasonal salinity gradients support over 160 bird species, including greater flamingos and Dalmatian pelicans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bhitarkanika Mangroves (654\u202fkm\u00b2)<\/strong>: The second-largest mangrove tract in India; critical for saltwater crocodiles and migratory waders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ansupa Lake (1.36\u202fkm\u00b2)<\/strong>: Freshwater oxbow lake of the Mahanadi River, home to endemic fish and waterfowl.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hirakud Reservoir (743\u202fkm\u00b2)<\/strong>: One of the world\u2019s largest earthen dams, offering habitat for migratory ducks and geese.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ramsar Sites in Tamil Nadu<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tamil Nadu has the highest number of Ramsar sites (14) in India, encompassing:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary (377\u202fkm\u00b2)<\/strong>: Limestone shoals and salt pans attract tens of thousands of flamingos each winter.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pallikaranai Marsh (80\u202fkm\u00b2)<\/strong>: Urban wetland near Chennai, filters 25\u202fmillion\u202fliters of stormwater daily.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pichavaram Mangroves (1.10\u202fkm\u00b2)<\/strong>: Second-largest mangrove ecosystem; supports fisheries and tourism.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary (0.24\u202fkm\u00b2)<\/strong>: Tank cluster for migratory waders and resident waterbirds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Other States<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh<\/strong>: Sur Sarovar (2\u202fkm\u00b2), Saman Bird Sanctuary (7\u202fkm\u00b2).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Punjab<\/strong>: Harike Wetland (86\u202fkm\u00b2), Keshopur\u2011Miani (0.98\u202fkm\u00b2).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh<\/strong>: Bhoj Wetland (317\u202fkm\u00b2), Sirpur Wetland (9\u202fkm\u00b2).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Threats to Ramsar Wetlands in India<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Despite their global importance, Ramsar sites in India face escalating threats from human pressures and environmental change. How many Ramsar sites in India have fallen prey to these threats? All 91 Ramsar sites in India report varying degrees of degradation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Encroachment &amp; Habitat Loss<\/strong>: Conversion of wetlands in India to agriculture and real estate has fragmented sites. In peri\u2011urban areas, Pallikaranai Marsh (a key Ramsar site in Tamil Nadu) and East Kolkata Wetlands, urban expansion has shrunk wetland extents by up to 30\u202fpercent over two decades.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pollution &amp; Eutrophication<\/strong>: Untreated sewage, industrial effluents, and plastic waste degrade water quality. Harike Wetland (Punjab) has recorded phosphorus levels 250\u202fpercent above safe thresholds, leading to fish kills and loss of aquatic biodiversity. Such pollution threatens even the smallest Ramsar sites in India, like Renuka Wetland.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Climate Change Impacts<\/strong>: Erratic monsoons produce drought\u2011like dry spells followed by flash floods, destabilizing wetland hydrology. Coastal Ramsar sites, including the biggest Ramsar site in India, the Sundarbans, face a sea\u2011level rise of 3\u202fmm\/year, submerging low\u2011lying areas and increasing salinity intrusion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Governance &amp; Enforcement Gaps<\/strong>: Overlapping mandates among the MoEFCC, state forest, irrigation, and fisheries departments impede cohesive management. Many provisions of the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017 remain under\u2011implemented due to limited funding and manpower, placing the future of Ramsar sites in Odisha and other states at risk.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Government Initiatives &amp; Conservation Efforts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Recognizing these threats, the Government of India has launched several programs to protect Ramsar sites in India and the broader network of wetlands in India:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Inception<\/strong>: 1985\u201386<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Scope<\/strong>: Provides central grants for restoration, research, and capacity building across 101 priority wetlands, including key Ramsar sites in India 2024 updates.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Achievements<\/strong>: Restored 75 degraded wetlands, reestablished native vegetation, and improved water quality in 60\u202fpercent of targeted sites.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mandatory Notification<\/strong>: All wetlands &gt;1\u202fha, including new Ramsar sites in India, must be notified by state governments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Prohibitions<\/strong>: Bans on reclamation, conversion, dumping of waste, and discharge of untreated sewage into wetlands in India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zoning<\/strong>: Establishes buffer zones, core protection areas, and sustainable use zones within each Ramsar site to safeguard critical habitats.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Community\u2011Centric Schemes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Amrit Dharohar Scheme (2023\u201325)<\/strong>: Allocates \u20b9250\u202fcrore to develop eco\u2011tourism infrastructure and community training around Ramsar sites in Tamil Nadu, Ramsar sites in Odisha, and other regional wetlands.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Wetland Mitras<\/strong>: A network of over 5,000 citizen volunteers trained to report violations, conduct awareness drives, and assist in bio\u2011monitoring across all Ramsar sites in India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Awareness &amp; Education<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>World Wetlands Day (2\u202fFeb)<\/strong>: Nationwide campaigns engage over 100,000 participants in 2024, highlighting the importance of total wetlands in India and the first Ramsar site of India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Curriculum Integration<\/strong>: Wetland ecology modules were introduced in Class\u202fVIII\u2013X science syllabi in 15 states to foster early awareness of India\u2019s rich wetland heritage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These initiatives, backed by robust legal frameworks and grassroots engagement, aim to reverse degradation trends and ensure the long\u2011term viability of Ramsar sites in India, from the smallest Ramsar sites in India to the biggest Ramsar site in India <em>1.2025,\u201d and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Jal_Shakti\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Jal_Shakti\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ministry of Jal Shakti<\/a>, \u201cNational Wetland Conservation Programme Annual Report, 2023\u201324.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ramsar Sites and UPSC\/SSC Exam Relevance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>How many Ramsar sites in India?<\/strong>: 91 (2025)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>First Ramsar site of India<\/strong>: Chilika Lake &amp; Keoladeo (1981)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Map-based Prelims<\/strong>: Identify states with major Ramsar sites.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mains Essays<\/strong>: Role of wetlands in climate resilience and biodiversity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Interview Topics<\/strong>: India\u2019s global leadership under the Ramsar Convention.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conslusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>India\u2019s 91 Ramsar sites form a globally significant network of wetlands, each vital for biodiversity, human well\u2011being, and climate resilience. From the inaugural designations in 1981 to the recent additions through 2025, these sites exemplify India\u2019s evolving environmental stewardship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sustaining them requires robust legal frameworks like the Wetlands Rules, integrated governance, scientific research, and empowered communities. For aspirants, policymakers, and citizens alike, understanding Ramsar sites is key to safeguarding India\u2019s natural heritage for future generations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read More: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-8cf370e7 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/general-knowledge\/54-tiger-reserve-in-india\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/general-knowledge\/54-tiger-reserve-in-india\/\">54 tiger reserve in India<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/general-knowledge\/how-many-national-park-in-assam\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/general-knowledge\/how-many-national-park-in-assam\/\">National parks in assam<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/general-knowledge\/biggest-national-park-in-india\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/general-knowledge\/biggest-national-park-in-india\/\">Biggest national park in India<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently Asked Questions(FAQ&#8217;s)<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1752584739199\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How many total Ramsar sites are there in India?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>There are a total of 91 Ramsar Sites in India. <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1752584741064\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Is there 90 or 91 Ramsar Sites?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>As of June 2025, there are 91 Ramsar sites in India, most of which are in Tamil Nadu. <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1752584742147\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Which Ramsar Sites are added in 2025?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>In 2025, two wetlands in Rajasthan, Khichan and Menar, were added to the list of Ramsar sites in India. <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1752584744014\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Which is the smallest Ramsar site in India?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Renuka Wetland in Himachal Pradesh is known as the smallest Ramsar site in India. <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1752584746828\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Who declared Ramsar Sites?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>These are declared under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, which was signed under the Convention. Countries that have signed the Convention themselves declare such sites as Ramsar Sites based on the framework provided by the Convention.  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":189,"featured_media":286459,"template":"","meta":[],"general-knowledge-category":[24742],"class_list":["post-284336","general-knowledge","type-general-knowledge","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","general-knowledge-category-miscellaneous"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/general-knowledge\/284336","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/general-knowledge"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/general-knowledge"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/189"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/286459"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=284336"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"general-knowledge-category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheggindia.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/general-knowledge-category?post=284336"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}